Latest Blog Posts

Rigidity, Pope Francis, and the Difficulties of Achieving Knowledge

Deacon Doug McManaman

I received the following objection to a comment I posted on a Catholic Forum, a comment that I posted here under the title Manufactured Outrage.

Your comment regarding bad manners when a guest in another’s house made me immediately think of the encounter at the well. Was our Lord exhibiting bad manners when he said to the Samaritan woman, “You worship what you do not know; we worship what we do know, for salvation is from the Jews”? How wonderful it might be if our Pope could occasionally make such Christlike remarks! Speaking clearly (yes, and respectfully) about the challenging and unique claims that the Gospel makes to each hearer should surely be an important part of the Church’s ecumenical dialog with the people of the world?

This was one of the better and more challenging objections.

The first point that comes to mind as a possible response to your objection is that “who” is speaking makes a world of difference. It was Christ who said to the Samaritan woman at the well: “You worship what you do not know; we worship what we do know, for salvation is from the Jews” (Jn 4, 22). Jesus is that salvation who is “from the Jews”, the offspring that will crush the head of the serpent (Gn 3, 15). He is the Son of God, the Word who reveals (makes known) the otherwise “Unknown God”. However, you and I and the rest of us are sinners. That’s important. There are many things that Jesus could and did say that you and I could not say, without a hell of a lot of audacity and presumption. I wouldn’t dare tell anyone to “Come, follow me”, as he did with Matthew. The specific instructions he gave the Twelve were the following: “And preach as you go, saying, ‘The kingdom of heaven is at hand.’ Heal the sick, raise the dead, cleanse lepers, cast out demons. You received without pay, give without pay.” In other words, our proclamation is to be of the good news of the kingdom, and it is to be accompanied by deeds that prove our words. Our deeds are our words, or at least they are supposed to be, and those deeds are to be healing, that is, life giving deeds. And that’s what he said we will be judged on, not on the dogmas we adhere to (See Mt 25, 31ff). So it’s not about “You are not on the path to God, but we are, because Christ is the Truth, and we are Christians”. Many Christians are not on the path to God, and many who are not Christian are very much on the path to God. 

As for being a guest in someone else’s home, he said: “As you enter the house, salute it. And if the house is worthy, let your peace come upon it; but if it is not worthy, let your peace return to you. And if anyone will not receive you or listen to your words, shake off the dust from your feet as you leave that house or town.” Singapore invited Pope Francis into their country. They received him, and Jesus said “He who receives you receives me, and he who receives me receives him who sent me”. Singapore, a country in which the majority (more than 80%) are non-Christian, received Christ, welcomed him in the very act of welcoming Francis. And so, you want Francis to respond by saying something to the effect that “Your religions are deficient”? Christ never instructed any one of his followers to say that nor anything like that–nor is this what he said to the Samaritan woman. He did say: “You are the light of the world”. What does a light do?  It shines. It shines silently, without words. There’s something to that adage, perhaps falsely attributed to Francis of Assisi: “Preach the gospel, use words if necessary”. Singapore did not invite me to their country, but they did invite Pope Francis. They know what he stands for; he’s the vicar of Christ; his life is about Christ and nothing but. So what more does anyone want from him? 

Does anyone really think he should not have said “all religions are paths to God”? And that “only our religion is a path to God”? A religion is, by its very nature, a path to God, it is an act of the virtue of justice, that is, the highest part of the virtue of justice, which is the virtue of ‘religion’ (rendering due worship to the gods, as Aristotle would say). Salvation, however, does not come through a religion, but through a Person, namely Christ, the Christ that they invited into their country when they invited Pope Francis. But to speak and act “in the name of Christ” means to speak and act in the Person of Christ, that is, in the Spirit of Christ. The Our Father, the most important prayer, does not mention the name of Christ, but the entire prayer is in the Spirit of Christ. We are not called to proselytize, but to speak and act in the Spirit of Christ. American Catholics have been far too influenced by American Evangelical Fundamentalism that insists that only those who explicitly acknowledge that “Jesus is Lord and Saviour” will be saved and that all others who do not explicitly adhere to that proposition will not be saved. We don’t believe that in the Church. A person can be living in the Spirit of Christ (in the name of Christ) without any explicit awareness of the fact. As I have said before, I do know a number of Hindu, Muslim and Sikh students of mine who I would say are holier than I am, holier in the sense of more charitable, more patient, more humble. Their holiness, I am convinced, comes from Christ, the fount of all holiness, the fount of divine grace, which is the indwelling of the Trinity. How did divine grace end up within them, outside of the sacraments? Perhaps Aquinas has an answer. In the Prima Secundae, he writes: “Now the first thing that occurs to a man to think about then, is to deliberate about himself. And if he then direct himself to the due end, he will, by means of grace, receive the remission of original sin: whereas if he does not then direct himself to the due end, and as far as he is capable of discretion at that particular age, he will sin mortally, through not doing that which is in his power to do. Accordingly thenceforward there cannot be venial sin in him without mortal, until afterwards all sin shall have been remitted to him through grace.” S. T. I-II, q. 89, a. 6. 

God is not limited by the sacramental system. God saves, and He can and does save outside the visible boundaries of the Roman Church. And if others are going to want Christ, they will have to encounter a loveable and attractive Christ in us who claim to be his followers. Gandhi was the exception: “I love your Christ” he said. “It’s Christians I have a problem with”. 

Francis proclaims Christ always every day, but Francis, much to the chagrin of those who would like a safer and more bourgeois Catholicism, tends to stress the social and economic repercussions of embracing the gospel and our duty to work towards a universal fraternity. 

My question is: “What challenging and unique claims do you want Francis to make that he apparently is not making?” 

Deacon Doug McManaman

I have often wondered how long an Archbishop of the Church–say, an Archbishop of a large American city like Philadelphia–would put up with a priest under his authority who, instead of trying to help the faithful understand their Archbishop, regularly wrote columns in the parish bulletin correcting and reprimanding his Archbishop for writing things that he happens to find “confusing”. I suspect not too long. I would also think that such a priest might be a source of scandal for the faithful. But for such an Archbishop to engage in this kind of behaviour towards the Holy Father, of all people, would in my mind constitute an ugly and reprehensible double standard. 

I still have a difficult time understanding the current preoccupation with “clarity” and “precision”, in particular when it comes to pastoral-theological matters. “Francis says things that can only confuse!” Since when, I often ask myself, is the unutterable mystery of God something that we can “clarify”? Are you clear on the Trinity? Are you clear on the presence of Christ in the Eucharist? Are you clear on the mystery of divine grace? Try teaching the fundamentals of the Catholic faith to a group of Hindus and watch how confused they become. The Catholic faith is very confusing. God became man, that is, the Second Person of the Trinity became man, not the First nor the Third; Jesus is two natures, but one Person, so we can say that God died on a Cross, to redeem us from sin…. Huh? What does that mean? That’s not clear. I can’t get my head around that. And is it a bad thing that I cannot get my head around it? Or to be expected? When we are baptized, we enter the tomb of Christ. Really? Does that make sense? That’s not clear to me. Is it clear to you?

Moreover, the very fact that we have Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs, among others, who are holier (more charitable, thoughtful, humble) than you and me is mysterious, given that we are baptized and receive the Eucharist regularly. How do I deal with this theological aporia? Perhaps I can deal with it very simply, precisely, without any confusion and insist that they are not really holy, because they have no grace within them, after all, they are not baptized and still have original sin. Or, I can say that this mystery is to a certain degree beyond me at this time and that any way I choose to try to explain it will remain relatively unclear and imprecise, certainly unsatisfying to the Catholic triumphalist who is comfortable neatly dividing the world into “us and them”, the chosen and the less fortunate who only wait to be formed by our peculiarly Western Christ and Western way of expressing our religious experience. 

Yes, Christ is the Way, the Truth, and the Life, but it is up to us to prove it. “In your face” Catholicism is not heroic, and shouting out verses of scripture like some street evangelist on the corner of Yonge and Dundas is hardly what Christ means by proclaiming the good news of the gospel—at least I thought so. And Pope Francis understands this well, unlike many other prominent Catholics who have been more influenced by American Evangelical Fundamentalism than they are willing to admit. We prove that he is the Way, the Truth, and the Life, by being Christ, by carrying in our bodies the death of Christ so that the life of Christ may be made manifest in us (2 Cor 4, 10). Christ the Word gives us himself so that we, our entire self, might become him, the Word. Evangelization is not apologetics or a short theological lecture from a microphone. It is relationship; for religion is ‘relationship’. That is the kind of evangelization that is going to bring about a universal fraternity, not Q & A, and certainly not the finger wagging/in your face/we have the fullness of truth whereas you have only splinters/ kind of Catholicism that so many would like to see from our Holy Father. If we have the fullness of truth, our non-Christian brethren will see it; they will notice that we are different, and they will want what we have. If we are no different from the self-righteous religious sectarians they are familiar with in their own traditions, they’ll remain indifferent and will continue looking for something more, but elsewhere; our clever and skilled arguments and pretentious diction will leave them unmoved.

Deacon Douglas McManaman

The gospel reading today (Jn 6, 53, 60-69) is a very interesting part of the Bread of Life discourse. “Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you.” The expression flesh and blood was a Jewish expression that meant the whole person. And for the Jews, to share a meal is to enter into communion with all those who are at the same table eating from the same source, the life source which is the food on the table. So what Jesus says here is really quite remarkable. Christ mysteriously gives us his entire self to eat, to consume, and all of us who are sharing in this same meal are becoming one with each other. There is a profound union that takes place between us all. When we leave this Church, we really are relatives, of the same blood, we are genuine brothers and sisters. 

It is very interesting to think about the nature of the Mass as a whole. The procession of this liturgy really began with each one of you, when you left the house to come to Mass. That’s the beginning of the procession, and you were all headed to the same place, which is the altar. The formal procession at the beginning of Mass is merely a continuation of your procession, and of course it is a procession to the altar, the table of sacrifice. Our procession at the beginning, with the altar servers, represents the procession of the entire community. 

At the offertory, when a family comes forward to present the gifts, the bread and wine, it is really the entire community who offers bread and wine, represented by that family, and that bread and wine is the product of your labor, and it represents all the sacrifices, the difficulties, the headaches, the work, the sweat, that you all had to carry out this past week. The bread and wine is the fruit of your labor–the money you offer each week pays for that bread and wine. So that offering symbolizes the fruit of your labor. It is brought forward, Father ___________ receives it. What does he do with it? He too offers it. 

Now a priest is one who offers sacrifice. But the offertory is the sacrificial offering of the community, your offering. That means you, all of you, are priests. And we know that is true from the first letter of Peter. He says: “You are a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God’s special possession, that you may declare the praises of him who called you out of darkness into his wonderful light.” In every baptism we perform here, there is an anointing that takes place, one just after the pouring of the water, in which the baby is anointed with sacred chrism. The words are: “As Christ was anointed Priest, Prophet and King, so may you live always as a member of his body.” Each one of you here who is baptized shares in Christ’s priesthood, and you exercise your priesthood during the week at work and here at Mass when you offer your suffering, sacrifices, and the fruits of your labor. You are a Royal priesthood, as Peter says. Catholics of the Latin West are not used to hearing this or seeing themselves this way–it is more emphasized in the Eastern rites. 

Father __________, who is a ministerial priest and who represents this parish, takes your offering and offers it to Christ, who takes it, and changes it into himself, his own body and blood in the act of offering himself to God the Father, which is the sacrifice of the cross made present here and now, and then it is re-distributed back to us as food, a different kind of food, no longer bread and wine, but his body and blood. We consume it, and we become what we consume. We become him. We walk out of this Church as Christ figures. 

St. Paul says in his letter to the Galatians: “It is no longer I who live, but Christ who lives in me”. You and I are taking Christ into this world, when we leave here. We have become him. And so it is not necessary to get preachy and start trying to convert or recruit others. That’s not evangelization. Our task is to just be what we have become, namely Christ, and allow ourselves to become more and more like him, and so if others who have nothing to do with the faith love what they see in you, then they love what you have become, and that means they love Christ without even knowing it. 

That’s evangelization, proclaiming the good news of the risen Christ. The world out there doesn’t know explicitly that the gospel is being proclaimed to them when they meet you and come to know you, but you are that proclamation, your life, your character, the kind of person that you are. If you have become Christ and they love you, then they love Christ without them necessarily knowing it explicitly. Whether that brings them back to Mass or not is not our concern; that’s God’s problem, not ours. When we make it our problem, we tend to turn people off and turn them away, because we become pushy and obnoxious. 

It’s really a great gift to be able to believe in the power of the Mass, that what we receive is really and truly Christ himself under the appearance of bread and wine, that in receiving that host, we are joining ourselves literally to the Second Person of the Trinity, his body, blood, soul and divinity. Many people don’t have that faith, as we saw in today’s gospel. The teaching was too difficult for them to accept, so they left. Imagine walking away from Christ. But what a gift that the twelve did not walk away. They had that faith. They knew he had the words of eternal life. And Christ said it: “No one can come to me unless it is granted them by my Father”. If you and I believe in the Sacrifice of the Mass, it is not as a result of our own decision, our own choice. It is because God the Father gave us the ability to believe: “No one comes to me unless the Father draw him”, he said. We’ve been drawn to Christ, not because of anything we did in our lives. It is sheer gift. We did nothing to deserve it. It was pure mercy. And it is the greatest gift we can receive from him. I remember a priest friend of mine was pulling my leg one day, I was probably about 18 years old at the time, and he said to me “I’m leaving the priesthood”. I was so shocked and disappointed. He strung me along for a minute or so, then he smiled and I knew he was just kidding around. He said to me: “Listen, priesthood is the 2nd greatest gift that God has given me”. I was relieved. But then I asked him. 2nd greatest gift? What’s the first greatest gift? And he said: “faith”. Faith is a gift. If you have it, you are not the origin of it. It was given to you by God. We could have rejected it, but if we received that gift, that free reception and cooperation is itself a grace. We might die without any money at all, destitute, poor, bankrupt, very sick, mentally ill perhaps, but if we die with the gift of faith, we are the greatest of success.

Some Points….at Where Peter Is

Deacon Douglas McManaman

An important objection was raised recently during a parish bible study, in the context of a discussion on the development of Church teaching and biblical interpretation. The idea was that in the face of disputes, uncertainties, and disagreements on the meaning of a particular scriptural text or Church teaching, or in the face of historical evidence that a common teaching of the Church has changed, etc., a person might well be tempted to just give it all up and dismiss the Church altogether and live life without her. This is an important point, and it is indeed a real temptation among certain kinds of people, particularly when they are challenged to grow in their understanding of the faith; for as we know, many people after Vatican II did just that, i.e., left the Church and began spending their Sundays on the golf course–all those changes were just too much for many of them.

I would like to reflect on that objection in light of some principles that might shed light on the problem. I think of my parents. They did a lot for me, a lot of good, and I have to be grateful for that. In fact, they did more good than I am fully cognizant of. However, as time went on in my life, I came to the realization that some things they believed and taught were not quite correct. There’s no getting around this for anyone. In some matters, my own mother came to that realization about herself and changed some of her views and attitudes later in life. Other things were left unchanged in her mind, but in my mind, she was mistaken about some of those things, i.e., fundamental moral matters. The overall orientation of her life, however, was on point, but it also took me years to see that her new outlook on many aspects of human life were right after all. In short, I finally came to see that although she was mistaken about some matters, she was right about other more important things that she was trying to get me to see when I was younger, but too much lacking in experience to see it at the time. But that does not change my relationship with her. It would be a serious mistake if I were to dismiss my parents and turn my back on them because I discovered they were mistaken about this or that–especially when my own life has been a series of errors, among other things.

The same is true for certain individuals who were a tremendous influence in my life. One in particular, a priest, was the reason I returned to the Church, and as a young man, I looked up to him and probably idealized him. But after a number of years, I began to see that certain theological opinions he held were not quite right, at least in my mind, and recent developments in Catholic teaching, I believe, corroborate that. But that does not change the fact that he was a major influence in my life and an important friend. For me to turn my back on him and dismiss him outright because I discovered that certain opinions he held on certain issues–which I embraced at the time as a result of a certain trust I had placed in him–turned out to be mistaken or not entirely true, would be completely unwarranted. I believe that there is something analogous here with respect to our relationship to the Church. Moreover, a similar idealization of the Church can and often does take root in certain people, which often boils down to an ecclesiological supernaturalism if you will. 

The Perfection and Imperfection of the Church

The Church is Christ’s Mystical Body (1 Cor 12, 12-26). Christ is the head, while the Church is his body. The Church is also the Bride of Christ, and bride and groom are “one body” (Eph 5, 31-32). The soul of the Church is the Holy Spirit (St Augustine), and it is by virtue of this fact that the Church is truly “holy”, consecrated, sanctified, and thus capable of sanctifying. It is grace that sanctifies, and grace is the indwelling of the Trinity. And so, the Church is a means of grace, a means of holiness. 

But the members of the Church, including clergy of all ranks, are human beings who suffer from the same moral and cognitive limitations that constrain humanity. We (you and I) are members of the Church insofar as we are united to her, and we are united to her through baptism, which imparts the grace of regeneration–we are a new creation (2 Cor 5, 17); we have become adopted sons/daughters of God, given the supernatural virtues as a sheer gift, as well as the gifts of the Holy Spirit, and we have been anointed priest, prophet and king in the course of the baptismal rite. However, the individual members of the pilgrim people of God have a more or less limited degree of holiness; for we are “on the way”. There are tendencies within us that are simply inconsistent with holiness; we are often imprudent, unjust, intemperate, and lacking courage. To that degree, we are unholy (Cf. Rom 7, 15-19). We are truly members of the Church insofar as we are in a state of grace, but we tarnish the face and figure of the Church to the degree that we are sinful. This includes all members of the pilgrim people of God, i.e., clergy and non-clergy alike. 

We belong to this Church because we belong to Christ, but our insertion into Christ is rather imperfect. The Church is the sacrament of Christ, the visible sign of Christ that contains what it signifies (Christ), but the sinfulness of her members, like an eclipse, will block his light and warmth, leaving behind a degree of darkness and cold in the world. Hence, our sins cause harm, and they have far reaching social repercussions. That is why many people in the world find the notion of the “holiness of the Church” to be rather counterintuitive; for if we look in the direction of the Church’s humanness, we clearly see her imperfection, and we really can say that the Church has defects, because you and I really do belong to the Church and you and I really are defective.

It is a great gift and a sign of Christ’s humility that we are made a part of his body, which is holy, which has a perfect holiness insofar as the source of that holiness is perfect, namely, the Holy Spirit. And yet, it should not be overlooked that the Church is also imperfect insofar as we belong to her. We are “being perfected”, but are not yet perfect, and we are being perfected only because Christ, the principle of that perfection, is himself perfect, and the Church as his Mystical Body has the power to move us towards that eschatological perfection: “Jesus offered one sacrifice for sins and took his seat forever at the right hand of God; now he waits until his enemies are placed beneath his feet. By one offering he has forever perfected those who are being sanctified” (Heb 10:12-14). If the Church were merely human, like any other institution that is basically good, then it would not be the case that we are “being perfected”–except in a very qualified way, for no other institution can lead us to holiness. But the Church can lead us to holiness because she is holy, for she is united to Christ–if she were not, there would be no Church. United to Christ, she is united to the Holy Spirit, who ensouls her. It is on this side alone that we come up against the imperfection of the Church.

Statements of Faith, Common Doctrine, and Theological Opinion

But how does all this bear upon Church teaching? Is it possible for the Church to be mistaken on a particular teaching as our parents, for example, have been mistaken in certain matters? Given that most people employ the phrase “Church teaching” without precision, to encompass the entire network of Catholic teaching, I am going to argue yes, but precision and distinction are required in order to understand this realistically. There is a distinction between 1) statements of faith and what pertains to the faith; 2) common doctrine; and 3) theological opinion. Determining which teachings belong to which category can be a difficult undertaking and a person can certainly be mistaken in this, making matters all the more confusing, but let it be said at the outset that common doctrine and theological opinion are not irreversible, that is, they can and have indeed changed over the centuries. What pertains to the faith of the Church, however, is irreversible, although ever open to increasingly deeper intellectual understanding and newer formulation, to the point at which we may even come away with the realization that we barely understood this teaching at all, or certainly not as we might have thought we did.  Some, however, mistakenly argue that because statements of faith and what pertains to the faith are irreversible, Church teaching as a whole is irreversible. But this merely narrows the meaning of “Church teaching” to a very limited aspect of the Church’s overall doctrinal product.  

Piet Fransen S. J. writes [all emphases mine]:

Christ has entrusted his revelation and his salvation to his Church, and he has promised that he himself and his spirit would never forsake this Church. This promise does not, however, mean that the Church, as a community of actual and historical people, cannot be affected by the particular sociological, cultural and philosophical structures and tendencies of any particular age. … And because this Holy Church of God is also a Church of sinners, it is not impossible that these various influences, acting through particular historical forms and customs, should have obscured Christ’s own essential idea of the Church and brought it into danger. The Church has therefore the obligation, in every period of its history, of reflecting again on Christ’s original message, and of purifying itself from the various accretions that may have been accepted in a previous generation.” [1] 

Just as a human person who is baptized and in a state of grace but at the same time cognitively limited, as we all are, will also grow throughout his or her life, moving past theologically immature notions –“When I was a child, I used to talk as a child, think as a child, reason as a child; when I became a man, I put aside childish things” (1 Cor 13, 11), – so too does the Church, founded by Christ and given the charism of infallibility, grow throughout her historical existence, putting aside inadequate formulations for the sake of those that more accurately express who and what She is and believes. On the level of common doctrine, the Church has been wrong about many things. For example, consider the question of salvation for infants who die without baptism. In section 34 of the International Theological Commission’s The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptised, we read:   

In the Church’s tradition, the affirmation that children who died unbaptised are deprived of the beatific vision has for a long time been “common doctrine”. This common doctrine followed upon a certain way of reconciling the received principles of revelation, but it did not possess the certitude of a statement of faith, or the same certitude as other affirmations whose rejection would entail the denial of a divinely revealed dogma or of a teaching proclaimed by a definitive act of the magisterium. [2]  

Section 33 of this same document offers the following more precise and interesting points on development: 

The history of theology and of magisterial teaching show in particular a development concerning the manner of understanding the universal saving will of God. The theological tradition of the past (antiquity, the Middle Ages, the beginning of modern times), in particular the Augustinian tradition, often presents what by comparison with modern theological developments would seem to be a “restrictive” conception of the universality of God’s saving will. In theological research, the perception of the divine will to save as “quantitatively” universal is relatively recent. At the level of the magisterium, this larger perception was progressively affirmed. Without trying to date it exactly, one can observe that it appeared very clearly in the 19th century, especially in the teaching of Pius IX on the possible salvation of those who, without fault on their part, were unaware of the Catholic faith: those who “lead a virtuous and just life, can, with the aid of divine light and grace, attain eternal life; for God, who understands perfectly, scrutinizes and knows the minds, souls, thoughts and habits of all, in his very great goodness and patience, will not permit anyone who is not guilty of a voluntary fault to be punished with eternal torments”. This integration and maturation in Catholic doctrine meanwhile gave rise to a renewed reflection on the possible ways of salvation for unbaptised infants. [3] 

Another example of common doctrine and theological opinion is the issue of owning slaves. Actions speak louder than words, and the Church tolerated chattel slavery for centuries. It was St. Augustine’s theological opinion that Jesus Christ did not make men free from being slaves [4], and in 1639 Pope Urban VIII purchased slaves for himself from the Knights of Malta. It was Pope Leo XIII who finally got on board with the abolitionists. Christopher Kellerman, S.J., writes:

And yet it was once widely known, and still is among historians of slavery today, that the Catholic Church once embraced slavery in theory and in practice, repeatedly authorized the trade in enslaved Africans, and allowed its priests, religious and laity to keep people as enslaved chattel. The Jesuits, for example, by the historian Andrew Dial’s count, owned over 20,000 enslaved people circa 1760. The Jesuits and other slaveholding bishops, priests and religious were not disciplined for their slaveholding because they were not breaking church teaching. Slaveholding was allowed by the Catholic Church. [5]

Vatican II’s Dei Verbum, 8, offers some very important points regarding the historical process by which Church teaching develops: 

This tradition which comes from the Apostles develops in the Church with the help of the Holy Spirit. For there is a growth in the understanding of the realities and the words which have been handed down. This happens through the contemplation and study made by believers, who treasure these things in their hearts through a penetrating understanding of the spiritual realities which they experience, and through the preaching of those who have received through Episcopal succession the sure gift of truth. For as the centuries succeed one another, the Church constantly moves forward toward the fullness of divine truth until the words of God reach their complete fulfillment in her.

The expression employed here, namely “growth in understanding”, often implies that what we previously understood to be the case is no longer so. This we designate as ‘truth status revision’. In light of new information, p changes from T to F, or F to T. This is typically preceded by ‘reopening’: here new information leads us to become unsure of the truth-status of a proposition we had previously classed as true or false, thus, the truth status of a proposition at issue is reopened (p changes from T or F to I). [6] 

The Church is a visible entity, a body, a living organism that moves through history, one that grows and develops, and it is within a particular and changing historical context that the Church always speaks, addressing the faithful in very specific situations and employing propositions that communicate what it is she asserts for the sake of the faithful and the issues that arise from within those situations. Outside of that context, it is easy to lose the precise meaning of those assertions. In other words, conciliar statements as well as encyclicals have a very limited range of meaning. A specific teaching expressed in propositions may say one thing, but in doing so the Church intends to assert something whose meaning is correctly apprehended within a very narrow historical range. In this light, we can say that the official teachers of the Church do not always grasp the scope of an idea expressed in a proposition, at a given moment in history. As an example, consider some of the statements condemned in the Syllabus of Errors in 1864; for it is indeed true, and not false as the Syllabus literally says, that “it is no longer expedient that the Catholic religion should be held as the only religion of the state, to the exclusion of all other forms of worship” (SE, 77), and it is true, not false, that “it has been wisely decided by the law, in some Catholic countries, that persons coming to reside therein shall enjoy the public exercise of their own peculiar worship” (SE, 78). Religious freedom and freedom of conscience are ideas that have a much larger scope than what Pope Pius IX understood and needed in order to make certain assertions at the time. Moreover, it is true indeed, not false, that the Roman Pontiff ought to reconcile himself and come to terms with progress, liberalism, and modern civilization (SE, 80). Indeed, some aspects of liberal thought and modern civilization are, contrary to appearances, anti-progressive and uncivilized, but all of us must “come to terms” with modern civilization–the question here is what does it mean to “come to terms with” and be “reconciled to”? The Church cannot be “reconciled to” modern civilization in terms of capitulating to the cultural mores of the times, or relinquishing her mission to proclaim Christ and call the world to ongoing religious and moral conversion. The context in which these statements were condemned as errors is not the context of today, and so what was condemned was an understanding of terms very different from and much more circumscribed than what we currently understand by these terms. 

Some will argue that the change in the Church’s teaching on usury was not a revision, but an example of a simple development. I am convinced that it is an instance of truth status revision, but a development at the same time.[7] Belgian canonist Zeger Bernhard van Espen defined usury as “…lucrum ex mutuo exactum aut speratum” [the actual or expected profit from a loan].[8] Usury, I would argue, is an example of ‘common doctrine’. Espenius argues that usury is forbidden by natural and divine law insofar as theft is prohibited (the unlawful taking of another’s goods). It was eventually discovered, however, that charging interest on a loan was a way to establish equitable profit. The early Church did not see this because there was no concept of time preference with respect to money, and so this is a matter of ‘issue acquisition’: new concepts needed to formulate a contention that could not previously be entertained at all are developed (p changes from U to T or F or I).[9] Specifically, ‘time preference’ refers to the basic principle that human beings typically prefer the enjoyment of a good, such as money, in the present to the enjoyment of that same good in the future. The value one places on one’s own money today is very different than the value one places on it ten years from now, and so charging interest on a loan is a way of maintaining equitable value. The simple fact of the matter is that the statement “charging interest on a loan is morally wrong or sinful” is not necessarily true. It may very well be sinful, but it may not be. 

What is particularly interesting is that today, usury is still condemned by the Church; for what constitutes usury in the eyes of the Church is something far more sinister than the simple practice of charging interest on a loan, such as odious debts, irresponsible lending, avaricious dealings that in the end lead to loss of assets, hunger and death: “Although the quest for equitable profit is acceptable in economic and financial activity, recourse to usury is to be morally condemned: ‘Those whose usurious and avaricious dealings lead to the hunger and death of their brethren in the human family indirectly commit homicide, which is imputable to them.’”[10] 

An example of another common teaching that has changed is the refusal of Catholic burials for persons who took their own lives. With more data on the nature of clinical depression and the degree of responsibility of those who suffer from it, it became rather obvious that the common practice was unwarranted. 

It should also be pointed out that “common doctrine” as it is used here is not the same thing as the “teaching of the ordinary and universal Magisterium”. The two are distinct; for in section 892 of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, we read: “Divine assistance is also given to the successors of the apostles, teaching in communion with the successor of Peter, and, in a particular way, to the bishop of Rome, pastor of the whole Church, when, without arriving at an infallible definition and without pronouncing in a “definitive manner,” they propose in the exercise of the ordinary Magisterium a teaching that leads to better understanding of Revelation in matters of faith and morals.” The past teaching on owning slaves or children in limbo or the nature of money did not and do not lead to a better understanding of Revelation in matters of faith and morals. Hence, fervent Catholics should really give up the intellectual gymnastics required to defend them.[11] 

Concluding Thoughts

As an administrative body, the Church is no more competent than any other institution, at least not necessarily. In fact, she is very often less competent than most, because she is slow to progress; other corporations have incentives that move them to quickly seek ways to improve business, so to speak, incentives often lacking in some churches and dioceses. The charism of infallibility does not extend to administrative competence, but unfortunately that is often what many people encounter first, namely, the visible product of her administrative decisions, and this can be and has been a source of scandal and great suffering for many people—i.e., administrative decisions regarding the protection of sexually abusive priests, cooperation with abusive governments in the forced removal of indigenous children from their families in order to be placed in residential schools that showed zero reverence for their cultural heritage, encouraging the usurpation of indigenous lands (Alexander VI), or Johann Tetzel and the corruptions that spawned the Reformation, or bishops, blinded by partiality and who support clergy friends who prove to be lazy, condescending opportunists, ultimately uncommitted to their parishioners and who do little more than spend parish funds, etc. There seems to be no end to the variety of ways the administrative Church causes the faithful to suffer.[12] 

To see the Church in her holiness, we need the eyes of faith; for without the light of faith, we behold only the humanness of the Church, her imperfections and sins. We need to see both. If we refuse to behold her sinfulness, we begin to live in “unreality”, and many people in the past and present have chosen to live in “unreality”-that was one of the many factors that contributed to the clerical sex abuse scandals; people simply refused to see imperfection and depravity where there was imperfection and depravity, for there was an idealization of the clergy, rooted in a bad theology which gave rise to the notion that the ordained clergy are “ontologically superior” to the laity, a “metaphysical clericalism” that unfortunately has not entirely disappeared.[13] So, when we speak of the holiness and perfection of the Church, we are not in any way referring to the holiness and perfection of the clergy. Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh writes: 

We know that the Church, for those who look at it from the outside, is a body of people possessed of a common faith, proclaiming the same doctrine, celebrating the same mysteries in churches like the ancient churches—bodies with bishops and clergy within a long line of apostolic succession. But this is what any outsider can see of it. We need that kind of description for people to be able to locate the Church in space, in time, in the same way we could describe the outside of a cathedral, a church, or any other place for people to be able to recognize it. But unless they enter into this place, whether it be a church or a museum, they will not ever understand what it is about. And if we enter the Church, what we discover is that the Church is a strange, living organism, simultaneously and equally human and divine. The fullness of God abides in it. And also, all that is human is in it—what is fulfilled and what is in the making, what is tragic and what is already shining with glory. [14]

The hierarchy naturally tends to conserve and thus to “conservatism” (Congar), for the sake of maintaining order and unity, but the Church ultimately cannot impede development, as Dei Verbum makes clear. But there is always a temptation, rooted in a desire for stability, security, and certainty, to treat Church teaching as though it were a finished product. In the gospel of John, Jesus tells us that the Holy Spirit, which he will send, will lead the Church to the complete truth: “the Spirit of truth, he will guide you to all truth” (16, 13). This is a leading, a moving forward; the Church grows in her self-understanding in a way that is perfectly congruent with the epistemic structural pattern of human knowing, beginning with sense perception, and thus limited by time and place and the specific questions we seek to resolve. We progress as a result of new and specific problems to solve, dialogue, new insight, error seen in retrospect, and adjustment, etc. That is why the history of science is a graveyard of discarded theories and hypotheses–the price we pay for its benefits. We see something similar in the Church, i.e., clear evidence that the Church is being guided by the Holy Spirit, but we also see that She is being “led to the complete truth”, and not that She has “arrived at the complete truth”. 

There are teachings we can be quite certain of, such as irreversible statements of faith, i.e., the Church’s Christological and trinitarian formulations, fundamental moral principles, etc. The Church is not going to come out one day to declare: “Ooops! We’re sorry, but we got the Trinity wrong; Sabellius was right after all, there is no real Trinity of Persons, just three modes”, nor is the Church going to come out and declare that abortion is morally okay after all, or that the Eucharist is really nothing more than a symbol, not his actual body and blood, soul and divinity, as was always taught. The Church as a whole has the charism, exercised by the magisterium, to lead the faithful in matters that bear upon their salvation. However, the theological and moral implications of these starting points, namely articles of faith, are only gradually unpacked as new circumstances and new questions arise and make possible a better and more profound understanding of the deposit of faith entrusted to the Church. For there is no denying that it took centuries for the Church to see that specific behaviors, such as owning slaves or executing criminals, are inconsistent with the gospel and contrary to the dignity of the human person. In other words, it took centuries to understand the implications of the very principles the Church embraces in embracing Christ, at least with respect to these and other issues. It is indeed embarrassing that the Church took so long, but one benefit that should come out of this is that Catholics should be wary of tribal Catholicism and the temptation to speak with a rhetoric of certainty and thus come across as having all the answers, as if the Roman Church need not enter into dialogue with the sister Churches of East and West.[15] Faith brings us right into the heart of mystery, and mystery is intelligible but dark, and faith in the Church that Christ established remains a dark habit (John of the Cross); it is not the same as ecclesial idealization, which is akin to the parental idealization of childhood. [16]

Notes

1.  Intelligent Theology, Vol 1: London, DLT, 1967. pp. 40-41.

2. International Theological Commission: The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptised, 34.  2007. https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070419_un-baptised-infants_en.html

3. Ibid., 33.

4. Daniel J. Camacho writes: “After Augustine returns to North Africa and takes up positions of Christian leadership, he continues to speak about slavery with increasing degrees of authority. In his view, enslaved Christians shouldn’t agitate for actual freedom. “That is as it should be,” Augustine says. “[Christ] has not made slaves free, but turned bad slaves into good slaves.” Augustine’s sermons stress the importance of mercy. But in response to the concern that this could be misconstrued as a lack of discipline, he preaches: “That’s not what I’m saying…and if you see your slave living badly, what other punishment will you curb him with, if not the lash? Use it: do. God allows it. In fact he is angered if you don’t. But do it in a loving rather than vindictive spirit.”  Saint Augustine’s Slave Play

https://thepointmag.com/examined-life/saint-augustines-slave-play/#:~:text=%E2%80%9C%5BChrist%5D%20has%20not%20made,stress%20the%20importance%20of%20mercy.  See also Margaret Mary. “Slavery in the Writings of St. Augustine.” The Classical Journal 49, no. 8 (1954): 363–69. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3292914.

5. Christopher J. Kellerman S. J., “Slavery and the Catholic Church: It’s time to correct the historical record”. Feb 15, 2023. America. https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2023/02/15/catholic-church-slavery-244703?gad_source=1&gbraid=0AAAAADlfgTctyNESzXFV_N-uIZ5L8wS6w&gclid=Cj0KCQjwh7K1BhCZARIsAKOrVqHq4fuicL974W4efrHWFV1xmxkg5uRuDxiZWRurSxIFPLjB21M51CkaAmCVEALw_wcB

6. See Nicholas Rescher. Empirical Inquiry.  London: The Athlone Press, 1982, pp. 90-91.

7. For an honest and thorough discussion of this question, see The Church and the Market, by Thomas Woods Jr. pp. 109-122.

8. Orthodox Church Fathers: “Excursus on Usury”. https://orthodoxchurchfathers.com/fathers/npnf214/npnf2121.html#:~:text=The%20famous%20canonist%20Van%20Espen,divine%2C%20and%20by%20human%20law. (Aug 16, 2024).

9. Op.cit., Rescher.

10. Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, sec. 341. 
https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/justpeace/documents/rc_pc_justpeace_doc_20060526_compendio-dott-soc_en.html#Gods%20gratuitous%20presence

11. See Lumen gentium, 25.

12.  There are three specific ways that we can look at the humanness of the Church. Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh writes: “…the Church is also human. And in many ways, not simply in one way, in the person of the Lord Jesus Christ we have a vision of Man: man as he is called to be, as he truly is, a human being at one with God. Less than this, man is not a human being in the full sense of the word, according to the mind of the Scriptures. Christ is the only true man because he is the only perfect man. And perfect means fulfilled, brought to perfection. But in the Church there is also another dimension of humanity: us—imperfect, in the making. But we are imperfect in two different ways: we may be imperfect while we strive God-wards, or we may be imperfect when we turn away from God. It is not a matter of success; it is a matter of direction. Saint Ephraim of Syria says that the Church is not a body of saints, it is a crowd of repentant sinners. And by repentant we do not mean wailing sinners, but people who have turned God-wards and move God-wards, who may fall but will stand. But there is also another dimension in our humanity, which is neither the tragic dimension of sin, repentance, and struggle, nor the glorious dimension of the saints. There is a dimension that is mean, that is small, that in a way is a betrayal and a renunciation—the fig tree covered with leaves and barren”. Metropolitan Anthony Bloom, Churchianity vs Christianity. St Vladimir’s Seminary Press. Kindle Edition, pp. 13-14. 

13 “In the first chapters of the Draft the traditional picture of the Church predominates. You know the pyramid: the pope, the bishops, the priests, who preside and, when they receive the powers, who teach, sanctify, and govern; then, at the bottom, the Christian people who instead receive and somehow seem to occupy second place in the Church. We should note that hierarchical power is only something transitory. It belongs to our status on the way. In the next life, in the final state, it will no longer have a purpose, because the elect will have reached perfection, perfect unity in Christ. What remains is the People of God; what passes is the ministry of the hierarchy. In the People of God we are all joined to others and have the same basic rights and duties. We all share in the royal priesthood of the People of God. The pope is one of the faithful; bishops, priests, lay people, religious: we are all the faithful. We go to the same sacraments; we all need the forgiveness of sins, the eucharistic bread, and the Word of God; we are all heading towards the same homeland, by God’s mercy and by the power of the Holy Spirit. But as long as the People of God is on the way, Christ brings it to perfection by means of the sacred ministry of the hierarchy. All power in the Church is for ministering, for serving: a ministry of the Word, a ministry of grace, a ministry of governance. We did not come to be served but to serve. We must be careful lest in speaking about the Church we fall into a kind of hierarchism, clericalism, episcopolatry, or papolatry. What is most important is the People of God; to this People of God, to this Bride of the Word, to this living Temple of the Holy Spirit, the hierarchy must supply its humble services so that it may grow and reach perfect manhood, the fullness of Christ. Of this growing life the hierarchical Church is the good mother: Mother Church.”  Bishop Emile Josef De Smedt’s Intervention at Vatican II.

14. Op.cit., Anthony.

15. Piet Fransen writes: “We are also profoundly conscious of the precariousness of human truth. This is all the more so with “divine truth,” since any human formulation of it necessarily falls short of the richness and fullness of the divine reality. If it is permissible to talk of infallibility in relation to man, it must first be a qualification of an activity, and not of a proposition, and that under the guidance of the infallible God. Infallibility is a property of a free person; never of a sentence, since any sentence as such, without its context, can be understood and read in many different ways. Whenever we are allowed a participatory form of infallibility, then this infallibility does not lie so much in the formulation itself but in the concrete intention, the affirmative direction, the so-called ‘significance’ of this particular formulation” (See “Unity and Confessional Statements. Historical and Theological Inquiry of R. C. Traditional Conceptions,” in Hermeneutics of the Councils and Other Studies. Collected by H.E. Mertens and F. De Graeve. Leuven University Press, 1985. P. 279-280).

16. “Faith does not mean that we cease from asking questions; it means that we ask and keep on asking until the answer comes; that we seek and keep on seeking until the truth is found; that we knock and keep on knocking until the door is opened and we enter into the palace of God’s truth. It becomes more and more important as years pass by and men’s minds grow that we should prove all things, while holding fast to that which is true. Christ calls us to that courage which bids us give up the snug little homes which sloth and prejudice have built for our minds, our pet infallibilities, in which we could rest and cease to think wrapt in peaceful peace . . . We are afraid—of course we are afraid. “If that is not true,” we say, “where am I? How can I be sure of anything? If the Bible is not literally true, word for word, if the picture of God which my forefathers had is a false picture, where am I? What is there settled? Where can I live? There is nothing before me but the open sea where I must journey helpless and exposed to every wind that blows.” And that is true! The world is out on the open sea exposed to every wind. And I am out on the open sea with it, but I do not care because there is One who walks beside me and before me and behind me, and God, who caused the light to shine out of darkness, has shined into my heart to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ. We are called upon, the Church is called upon, to go out onto the open sea with Christ, leaving behind the snug homes of patent infallibilities which the guns have battered into dust, and follow Him until we find the truth. We are not in complete darkness. We are not without a Guide. Theology changes, but religion remains. To fold your hands and say, “God knows best,” to take refuge in unreal platitudes, is to cower away from the light that God, through the prayers of the saints, through the courage of the scientists, through the cunning of inventors, and through the tireless patience of the thinkers, has been giving down the ages. The task of the Church and of her children, which is peculiarly her task and peculiarly theirs, is to gather up from every corner of the world all the light that can be found, and set it blazing on this great problem of evil, in order to find the best partial solution for the children of our day, and the one which will provide the surest foundation for the complete solution which the passage of the ages, under God, will bring to light. We must seek for light in every corner of God’s universe, never forgetting it is God’s universe, and that in it we can find revelation of Himself. We must go down to life’s dirtiest and dingiest depths, and up to its fairest and most fearful heights; we must face all the facts—the facts that make us shudder and the facts that make us laugh, the beauty that makes us gasp with wonder and the ugliness that makes us shrink in horror, the good that makes us want to worship and the evil that makes us bow our heads in shame; we must look at them all, face them all, asking always, “What is God like”—the God who is Creator and Ruler of a universe like this? We must not do what we have done, invent a God and then make life to fit Him, blinding our eyes to what does not suit our purpose; creating an absolute by the negative process of subtracting all human limitations from the human being, and choosing what we want to consider limitations, and what we do not. An imaginary God may be very beautiful, but He will not stand the tears and terror, and the fires that are not quenched. We must have Truth.” Geoffrey A. Studdert Kennedy. After War, Is Faith Possible?: The Life and Message of Geoffrey “Woodbine Willie” Studdert Kennedy . Cascade Books, an Imprint of Wipf and Stock Publishers. Kindle Edition. 

Deacon Douglas McManaman

The miracle of the multiplication of the loaves is found in each of the four gospels. In John, it appears in the same chapter as the bread of life discourse, and so this account of the feeding of the multitude brings together two aspects of the Christian life, namely Eucharistic devotion and devotion to the poor, the sick, and those in need. The two must go together. In history, they have often been separated. 

Matthew’s version of this miracle is slightly different. We read: “When Jesus heard of it [John the Baptists’ death], he withdrew in a boat to a deserted place by himself. The crowds heard of this and followed him on foot from their towns. When he disembarked and saw the vast crowd, his heart was moved with compassion for them, and he cured their sick. When it was evening, the disciples approached him and said, “This is a deserted place and it is already late; dismiss the crowds so that they can go to the villages and buy food for themselves.” Jesus said to them, “There is no need for them to go away; give them some food yourselves” (Mt 14, 13-15).

Two things stand out in this text. First, Jesus had compassion on them. The Greek word for compassion used here is esplagchnisthe: a yearning from the bowels, from the very core of one’s being–a yearning that is “gut wrenching” as we say in English. The more we love, the more we will suffer; the less we love, the more indifferent we become to the sufferings of others. Lovelessness gradually inclines us to organize our lives in a way that removes us from the sufferings of others, so that we remain unaffected by them. But Christ was always moved with compassion, which is painful; it is a longing, like hunger pangs: “Jerusalem, Jerusalem, …how many times I yearned to gather your children together, as a hen gathers her young under her wings, but you were unwilling!” Mt 23, 37). There is simply no love without suffering. 

Now John tells us that God is love (1 Jn 4, 16). Moreover, Jesus says to Philip: “He who has seen me has seen the Father” (Jn 14, 10). And so, if Jesus, at the sight of a large multitude who have nothing to eat, is moved with a gut- wrenching pity, then it follows that suffering exists in the heart of the divinity. There is suffering in God the Father, for Jesus is everything that the Father can say about himself; he is the Word who definitively reveals the heart of the Father. And so, just as there is great rejoicing in heaven, at the repentance of just one person, so too there is suffering and sorrow in the heart of the divinity. This is mysterious, and it is beyond the grasp of human reason alone, that is, completely beyond the reach of natural theology (philosophy).

The next thing to note in this text is Jesus’ response to his disciples’ suggestion to dismiss the crowds so that they can buy food for themselves. He says: “…give them some food yourselves”. This is important; for he lays this task on our shoulders. And of course, the disciples see that this is too large a task for them to carry out. At this point, Jesus shows them that in such situations, they have to rely on him. We give him the little that we have, and he multiplies it and achieves what is beyond our ability to achieve on our own. But we have to act first, that is, we have to first give him the little we have, and he’ll do the rest. 

The Church has always understood herself to be a missionary Church, sent out to all nations to proclaim the good news of the kingdom, which is a mission ordered to the salvation of the human person, and which therefore includes tending to the needs of the body. Even the monasteries were involved in charitable outreach that involved feeding the hungry, and in some cases actually going out and tracking down lost and lonely souls wandering after dark and in need of emergency shelter (See Charles Montalembert. The Monks of the West: From St. Benedict to St. Bernard. London: Nimmo, 1896, p. 227). Moreover, the first hospitals in the west were the monasteries. In short, genuine love of God is inseparable from the love of neighbor. 

The Eucharist is Christ, joined to the matter of this world. The humble matter of ordinary bread is changed into his very body and blood in the eternal act of offering himself to God the Father for the sake of our salvation, in order that we might become him, that his sacrificial spirit of compassion may become our own. That is why those who truly belong to Christ are moved to works of charity, to tend to the needs of the suffering. And that’s how we will be judged. Not on whether we were in agreement with certain theological propositions, nor will we be judged on our acts of piety. We will be judged on how we tended to the least of Christ’s brethren: the sick, the imprisoned, the hungry, the isolated, the lonely and forgotten. 

And so, it follows that Eucharistic devotions are not ends in themselves. The tendency to make them ends seems to be a perennial problem. In 1918, British army chaplain G. Suddert Kennedy wrote: 

I wonder if in our teaching about it we have not tended to make the Sacrament an end in itself rather than a means to an end, the great end of Christ-like life. It has seemed to the man in the street that we were trying to persuade him that regular and frequent attendance at this Service would of itself avail to save his soul, and secure him entry into heaven hereafter. We have failed, in fact, to connect the Sacrament with life. There is a great gulf fixed between the altar and the street, between the sacred and the secular. The man in the street feels instinctively that this is wrong. He feels that salvation depends upon character and not upon ceremonies. He has at last outgrown magic and mechanical religion. He regards it with the deepest suspicion. He may not be a good man himself, but he is quite sure that religious people ought to be good, positively and pre-eminently good. He will have nothing to do with religion which does not make character, and show itself a means to that end. He is sure that the Sacrament was made for man, and not man for the Sacrament (The Hardest Part: A Centenary Critical Edition, p. 135-136. SCM Press. Kindle Edition.

Father Louis J. Cameli makes the same point: “Eucharistic devotions cannot be ends in themselves. The history of Christian spirituality instructs us that all devotions—whatever their form—are always relative to another, higher dimension of faith. … Each time we celebrate the Eucharist, the stakes are high. With our world and our human family, we struggle before the enigma of sin constituted by both our personal failures and the world’s brokenness. We struggle before the enigma of death that seems to signal our extinction and the utter futility of our lives. When we participate in the Eucharist, when we engage and join the mystery of the one who dies and rises and is victor over sin and death, we worship with him in spirit and in truth and join in his victory” (“The bishops are right: We need a national eucharistic revival. But the current plan isn’t enough”, America Magazine, March 21, 2023). 

This gospel for the 17th Sunday in Ordinary time ends with Jesus escaping from the crowd, because they wanted to “come and carry him off to make him king”, and he knew that they did not understand what it means to be Christos. For them, it meant power, a throne of glory, a turban set in gold with jewels, pageantry, exaltation and separation from suffering, etc. But for Christ, the cross is his throne, his crown is made of thorns, and his heart is pierced and wounded with compassion for the sick, the hungry, the imprisoned, and the lonely (Mt 25, 31-46).